Essay on Exploring Race and Challenging Privilege

Exploring Race and Challenging Privilege I thought I understood racism well enough. Since early childhood I’ve learned from parents and teachers that racism is a sense of racial superiority, a way of making judgments about people based on their skin color before you get to know them, and a cause of hate crimes and foul language. I think I’m not racist, and as a white woman I’m not likely to be the victim of racism, so I usually think racism has nothing to do with my life. But I’m uncomfortable with the idea of race because what I’ve learned about race is contradictory. I’m taught that people of different races are equal, but I see that they live separately. I’m told that they should get along, but the past and the present reveal†¦show more content†¦Tatum’s description of the formation of racial identity among children and young adults helps me understand why races self-segregate. She categorizes the steps of the psychological process by which individuals r ecognize their â€Å"place† in society as part of a racial group and seek identity within that racial group, often to the point of conforming to negative stereotypes. This reaffirms racial minorities’ sense of identity and community and the value of their culture even though it differs from â€Å"mainstream† (white, middle-class) American culture, or what Delpit would call the culture of power. On the other hand, self-segregation reinforces the notion that races are different and that race is a valid characteristic to use to distinguish between people. Recalling my own experiences in light of Tatum’s analysis helped me make sense of both her arguments and my observations. Self-segregation is beneficial to the extent that it creates a community with shared values where people feel safe; it is only harmful when it becomes exclusive, which I’m afraid happens to a larger extent in America as a whole than on our insulated college campus. At Amherst College I feel free to join several communities with which I â€Å"identify† to greater or lesser extents; I can live in La Casa, lead the Pride Alliance, and attend Shabbat services without feeling like I have to be loyalShow MoreRelatedRacism: a World Problem1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe remarks are not always pure racial hatred, like the Nazis or KKK however, they are ignorant, stupid and incentive and still defined as discrimination (Wilhoit, 310). Making discriminate comments does not help fight the racism problem. 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When issues of working with marginalized populations are addressed, there is the tendency to focus on one aspect of the identity, (whether it be race, gender, sexuality etc.) and ignore the other dimensions in the interest of producing some kind of generalized and digestible truth that can be then easily learned to achieve a state of cultural competence. So how can we challenge ourselves and theRead MoreMulticulturalism And Its Impact On The American Society1739 Words   |  7 Pagescalls for efforts from all to create a desirable globe. For instance, good morals and values will aid in abolishing the racial preconceived perceptions. These stereotyped perceptions have progressed in widening the racial gaps followed by hindering privilege and fairness for all. Therefore, this masterpiece will provide a clear-cut background of the evolution of multiculturalism with its outcomes across the American society. In addition, this activity will entail focusing on the individual perceptionRead MoreA Historical Perspective: The Wage Gap1586 Words   |  7 Pagesearnings between men and woman, is relevant today and remains greatly influenced by specific historical events. This paper will examine the cultural context of employment for white, middle-class, American women from the early 1920’s to present. Exploring the progression and integration of women into the workforce, detailing the forces and influences for change and examining critical court rulings, this paper will offer a perspective of the imeragey taken from the author. It is believed by the authorRead MoreGender, Class, Sexuality And Personal Economy On The Margins Of Our Society2779 Words   |  12 PagesJanet Mock stands at the â€Å"intersection of race, gender, class, sexuality and personal economy on the margins of our society†(Mock, 2014), making her story of struggle and triumph visible to the masses, publishing her memoirs. 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Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN Free Essays

string(25) " status of their people\." Abstract Drug prescription is not only a routine in medical use functioning, but also plays pivotal role in improving the health status of patients seeking such services. The nature and efficacy of pharmacy services depends on the extent of professionalism, which define the methods and ethical standards with which one carries out such duties.Furthermore, pharmaceutical services vary from one place to another, and often governed by the prevailing state laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research paper therefore, presents a detailed discussion of two main aspect of pharmacy. The first section entails the shift in the drug prescription methods, from the initial brand based method to the modern based on the active ingredient making up the medicine. The second section outlines the contribution of a pharmacist in influencing the brand of medicine that can be prescribed in a clinical process. Introduction The efforts aimed at changing the health care provider’s prescribing behaviour to achieve consistency with the ever changing best medical practises is the chief challenge ensuring the safest dispensation and use of medicine. Due the emergence of new data about the use of drugs such as their effectiveness, dosing options, side effects, indications as well as contraindications, the existing pharmaceutical options also keep on evolving (Garcia-Gollarte et.al, 2012). As a result of the new changes in the medical practises, there are resulting gaps between the prescription options based on evidence, and the usual practises in most clinics. For example, other than the common error of under dozing and over dozing, the prescribers may occasionally give particular medicines for wrong conditions. Biological Medicines and Biosimillar medicines The biological medicines are also referred to as biologics, and consist of organic compounds made through biotechnological mechanisms. The biologics appeared for use in the 1980s, and have since then advanced to bring improvements in the treatment of many diseases. Their uses as alternative medicine have revolutionized the treatment of diseases, which has led to the improvement of health status across billions of people in the world. Consequently, this category of drugs has become popular since their introduction, a process whose end has seen the diminishing power of the original biological medicine. There are many manufacturing companies, who have acquired the permission to manufacture similar brands of the original biological medicine, commonly trending the medical market as biosimillar medicines. As a result of the existing complexity in the process of manufacturing the original medicine, the biosimillar medicines do not qualify for the generic class of medicine (Dylst, Vulto Simoens, 2013). This is mainly due to the fact that this category is not typically identical to the original medicine. There are concerns regarding the authenticity and the effectiveness of the process of differentiating between such biosimillar medicines and the original biological medicines. These concerns are based on the extents of similarities observed when such drugs are used, as compared to the original biological medicines. For example, under same conditions of a particular patient, when a biosimillar is compared with Infliximab, the uses of biosimilars have manifested the same therapeutic efficacy, as well as the incidences of drug related events. In addition to the similar levels of therapeutic efficacy, biosimilars are equally tolerated by the body system, and also comparable in terms of their safety issues. It is the complexity in their manufacturing processes, in tandem with safety concerns that the ongoing monitoring derives its basis (Declerck Simoens, 2012). Concerns regarding the use of biosimilar drugs The concerns rose over the issues relating to safety, efficacy and the cost of using the biosimilars have resulted into the urgent need for a change of prescription method from the initial brand name to the use of active ingredients. This is because of the compromise of such brands, in which certain biosimilars do not recognize the copied brands, and thus creating confusion. The key concern that has been raised through the Pharmacovigilance involves the criteria wit which one can use to draw a line between the original biological medicine and the biosimilar medicines. There are a plethora of biosimilar medicines that after manufacturing have been approved by the European Medicines Agency. Such approvals have derived their bases on the abbreviated programs, in which the manufacturing process was purely based on copying the formula of those biological medicines already in the market. Some of these biosimilar medicines in this category exist in the market, despite lack of approval by the regulatory bodies, under the legal regulatory frameworks within Europe. Their lack of approval has therefore led to the ultimate doubt about the validity of such medicines, especially the possibility of adverse reactions occurring as side effects. The cost of purchasing the biosimilar medicines has also raised major concerns in the pharmaceutical industries in the Europe, just like other parts of the world. The relative low cost of acquiring such medicines has led into a perception by many people, that the existence of cheaper alternatives could be derailing the development of the industry. Consequently, there is an increase of pressure to prescribe the cheaper and new alternatives among patients, who may not afford the original biological medicines. Furthermore, such pressures have led to the increased use of such alternatives without any critical attention paid to the criteria of prescription and application of brand names. Transition from the drug brand name to the INN system of drug prescription The recent decades have been epitomised by a major burden of chronic diseases, not only among the European member states, but also across the globe. In order to curb the ever growing menace of such diseases among populations, the concerned authorities such as the World Health Organization, through respective governments have had to act. The chief aim of such action by the WHO, through respective governments have been to facilitate, and enforce laws to ensure that all professional health workers and patients access the safest, high quality, modern and affordable medicine to improve the health status of their people. You read "Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN" in category "Essay examples" Biomedical studies over time have identified the biological medicines as one of the most effective categories of medicine that can meet this criterion. However, the main challenge in the provision of such biological medicine has been manifested on the means of identification by both patients and pharmacists during prescription. Surveys have further pointed out that the method of prescription plays a pivotal role in limiting the resulting confusion during the identification of drugs from place, particularly from one country to another within Europe (CDC, 2012). For instance, over the recent decades, the method of prescription has been based on the brand name. There are a number of factors that determine the brand name for a particular medicine, such as the location or trans-border movements within Europe. Such variation have therefore been a core ingredient in breeding the much confusion when prescribing drugs from one place, especially for patients who may be new in such places. A particular brand name for a medicine used at one point may either be unfamiliar, or used for a different medicine in another place (Rotenstein et.al, 2013). Consequently, the need for a more standardised system of naming and prescribing drugs across the globe, including the European member states becomes an indispensible discourse. The European member states, in tandem with the world, have therefore joined the movement from prescribing medications by brand name to the INN International Nonproprietary Name (INN). Currently, there is a legislation process, whose purpose is to prevent doctors from brand prescription, but rather an active ingredient in the medicine, to allow easy determination by the patient. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) The International Nonproprietary Name is a special term in healthy sciences and medicines, which is given to pharmaceuticals for purposes of easy identification. Having been initiated by the World Health Organization, the INN system of identification began to operate in 1953, for the benefit of not only the health workers such as pharmacists, but also help patients identify their medication with ease. The ease of identification was based on the common aim of the system for the generation of convenient common names for the existing pharmaceutical substances. In this case, each name generated under this system becomes unique for a global recognition of the substance as a public property. Consequently, the INN given to each pharmaceutical can have wide uses for the manufacturers and users, as well as the process of generic prescription in studies regarding drug use (CDC, 2012). The use of the International Nonproprietary Name in the drug prescription process functions to harmonise the communication regarding the medical activities among health professionals, drug consumers and patients. As a result, this system helps to prevent potential occurrence of medication errors. A medication error refers to any resulting misconception in the processes of drug prescription, dispensation, administration as well as monitoring the use of a particular drug. Medication errors are a major cause of most adverse reactions in patients, whose prevention can easily be achieved through accurate use of the relevant drugs. The accuracy can also be achieved through a process of synchronization, in which a single drug can retain a single identification from one place to another. A prescription method, based on the active ingredient as the common component of a particular drug, such as the INN system, has been enforced through a new legislative body referred to as the European Union Pharmacovigilance Legislation. Pharmacovigilance is a process, which consists of scientific activities of detecting, conducting an assessment of the adverse risks, understanding, and the establishment of potential prevention measures for the resulting adverse reactions (CDC, 2012). The European Medicines Agency Responsibilities The chief responsibility of the European Medicines Agency is to obtain and report the relevant data regarding adverse drug reactions, resulting from medical errors. Such reports are gathered and submitted to the Eudravigilance, a database that stores all the relevant data for medical errors among the European member states. Moreover, the database system is designed in such a way that it does not only receive the relevant information on adverse drug reaction, but also processes, stores and avails upon demand, the stored information after electronic submission.s The database run by the European Medical agency also permits users to conduct a critical analysis of the data herein, and enables one t make accurate conclusions regarding the data collected in determining the prevailing medical trends in different regions of Europe (Declerck, Simoens, 2012). In the modern system, there are legislative measures, which ensure that the data regarding medicines are stored and undergo general processing, during which drugs should maintain a standard description using the active ingredient, other than the initial brand name. In addition to the data reception, storage, and analysis through the Eudravigilance database, the legislative body also has a role of coordination among the European member states. The coordination role between different medicine regulatory authorities across Europe also involves all the individual Pharmacovigilance centres, as well as the patient safety authorities. The main aim of this role is to ensure that there is mutual flow of relevant information among the member states, so as to enhance communication of the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) is also a legislative committee charged with a duty of offering the requisite recommendations for all medicine regulatory frameworks within the EU (Allen Ansel, 2013). The recommendations made by the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee function to enhance further safety issues, resulting from inappropriate use of medicines in various regions across the member states (O’Connor, Gallagher O’Mahony, 2012). While formulating these recommendations, the committee takes into considerations, including risk management issues, to monitor the extent of effectiveness, with which various mechanisms help to eradicate the occurrence of medication errors and adverse drug reactions. Role of a Pharmacist in Determining a Drug Prescription Pharmacists have the most critical role in determining the type or brand of medication to prescribe. This is because they are the base of the powers for dispensing the drugs for patients, in a normal clinical routine (Gibberson et.al, 2013). When lack of professionalism occurs in the dispensation of medicines for patients, there are higher chances of adverse medical reactions resulting from medical errors. Each year, the occurrence of medical errors, emanating from inappropriate prescription and dispensation of medicines by unprofessional pharmacists has caused harm to at least 1.5 million people. Furthermore, the loss incurred in terms of the cost of treating the injuries caused in hospitals runs at higher levels of at least $3.5 Billion each year. However, these cost estimates do not take into account the additional cost in terms of the extra wages and salaries incurred while causing and correcting such messes (Spinewine, Fialova Byrne, 2012). Throughout history, pharmacists have played a pivotal role in ensuring an improved patient health through appropriate prescription and dispensing of the right brand of medicine. Through improved disease management techniques and therapy practises, effective spending in healthcare activities, and enhanced adherence leads to improved quality of life (Haga et.al, 2013). In order to influence the brand of medicine to prescribe for a particular patient, the pharmacist should acquire a deeper comprehension of the patients’ medical condition. Most often, the pharmacist relies entirely on the information obtained from the technician, which helps them provide additional base for the patient’s safety (O’Connor, Gallagher O’Mahony, 2012). In order to obtain the required accuracy, it is important for the technician to observe strict adherence to the system based procedures when obtaining the information regarding a patient’s medical condition. In cases where the technician experiences unusual or any form of abnormalities, it is their responsibility to inform the pharmacist, to enable them prescribe and dispense the right brand of medicine (Allen Ansel, 2013). The Scope of Practise in Pharmacy The scope of practise for different pharmacists varies from one country to another, depending on the prevailing state laws. The governing board of pharmacy also plays a pivotal role in determining the extent to which professional pharmacists can exercise their powers, and ability to influence the type of prescription. There are sets of regulation in various countries, which permit the pharmacists to exercise their powers as professional within specific areas within the medical care system (Law et.al, 2012). On the other hand, other countries have laws that encourage a broader approach to service delivery within the medical service delivery. The pharmacist may therefore take part in different parts of the medication, ranging from diagnosis, prescription, drug dispensation as well as monitoring. The pharmacist therefore has a wide range of options and opportunities, during which they can influence the prescription of a given medicine (Abood, 2012). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is another aspect of enabler, through which pharmacists acquire an opportunity to influence the prescription. In the modern world of health care system, the practise of pharmacy has advanced from the initial practise of dispensing medicine and offering counselling sessions to offering more detailed clinical patient care services. In cases where a pharmacist meets restraining conditions in which they are unable to offer a wider spectrum of services to their patients, they often lack satisfaction from their jobs (Allen Ansel, 2013). Eradication of fraudulent prescription The main source of medical errors often emanate from fraudulent prescriptions, some of which are out of human intervention, while the rest may be unintentional. In order to take control of the process and make the relevant decision regarding the prescription, pharmacists should understand what constitutes fraudulent practises and work towards eradicating them. Fraudulent prescriptions are caused by legitimate practises, in which patients decide to make alterations to their prescriptions to suit their personal interests (Declerck Simoens, 2012). In such cases, the patient may show preference for a particular brand of medicine, and insist that they be treated with the same. In other experiences, patients may also alter prescriptions depending on the cost incurred, in which they either opt for cheaper brands, or prefer more expensive brands due to their perception of higher quality and efficacy. A pharmacist may use their influence in such cases to discover the fraud and alter the prescription, and dispense the right medicine depending on the patient’s conditions (Cornes, 2012). In addition to cases of alteration, pharmacists also have the technical and professional skills to discover the validity of prescription pads. One of the most conspicuous methods of identifying the validity of such prescription pads may involve subjecting the contact information to a rigor of scrutiny, to determine if they bear the name of the bearer. Such details may include the surnames, contact phone number as well as the registration number (Campanelli, 2012). Professionally, stealing a prescription pads translates into an automatic medical error and a potential adverse reaction. In situations where the pharmacists discover such anomalies, there are a number of professional measures that can be employed to influence the brand of medication prescribed and dispensed. Pharmacists ensure that they apply strict rules, in which only the state authorised individuals or prescribers can write prescription orders. The state authorized person is defined by the state a trained physician, dentist, veterinarian, podiatrist, as well as other state registered practitioners. For instance, there are states with strict rules in which other health professionals such as physician assistants and nurses to participate in conducting prescriptions under supervision or instruction by the pharmacist in charge. Similarly, other states also permit a sense of autonomy for the mid-level practitioners (Law, et.al, 2012). The pharmacist therefore has a duty to understand the prevailing laws regarding the state provisions on drug prescription, before determining one. This helps them avoid cases of assumption, in which they perceive that every prescription given for the controlled substances is inappropriate. A pharmacist who obtains a prescription whose validity attracts signs of doubt or appears invalid in any way, it is professional to undertake affirmative steps aimed at establishing the authenticity of the prescription holder (Cornes, 2012). In cases where the pharmacists have doubts about the contact information, they may have to use the prescriber’s contact office, other than the patients contact information. A telephone call to the office creates an additional time in the prescription process, during the concerned parties may address the gaps in the existing prescription. This way, the pharmacist not only gets a chance to influence the types of medication prescribed, but also adheres to t he legal requirements, including state laws regarding the use of drugs. References Abood, R. R. (2012). Pharmacy practice and the law. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Allen, L. V., Ansel, H. C. (2013). Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults: The American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 616. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10. Cornes, P. (2012). The economic pressures for biosimilar drug use in cancer medicine. Targeted oncology, 7(1), 57-67. Declerck, P. J., Simoens, S. A. (2012). European perspective on the market accessibility of biosimilars. Biosimilars, 2, 33-40. Dylst, P., Vulto, A., Simoens, S. (2013). Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics outcomes research, 13(1), 59-72. Garcia-Gollarte, F., Baleriola-Julvez, J., Ferrero-Lopez, I., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. (2012). Inappropriate drug prescription at nursing home admission. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), 83-e9. Gibberson, R. A. D. M., Yoder, C. D. R., Lee, C. D. R. (2012). Improving Patient and Health System Outcomes through Advanced Pharmacy Practice. A Report to the US Surgeon General. University of the Incarnate Word Pharmacy Review, 1(2). Haga, S. B., Burke, W., Ginsburg, G. S., Mills, R., Agans, R. (2012). Primary care physicians’ knowledge of and experience with pharmacogenetic testing. Clinical genetics, 82(4), 388-394. Law, M. R., Ma, T., Fisher, J., Sketris, I. S. (2012). Independent pharmacist prescribing in Canada O’Connor, M. N., Gallagher, P., O’Mahony, D. (2012). Inappropriate Prescribing. Drugs aging, 29(6), 437-452. Rolland, Y., Andrieu, S., Crochard, A., Goni, S., Hein, C., Vellas, B. (2012). Psychotropic drug consumption at admission and discharge of nursing home residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(4), 407-e7. Rotenstein, L. S., Ran, N., Shivers, J. P., Yarchoan, M., Close, K. L. (2012). Opportunities and Challenges for Biosimilars: What’s on the Horizon in the Global Insulin Market?. Clinical Diabetes, 30(4), 138-150. Spinewine, A., Fialova, D., Byrne, S. (2012). The role of the pharmacist in optimizing pharmacotherapy in older people. Drugs aging, 29(6), 495-510. How to cite Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN, Essay examples

CTI Logistics Limited

Question: Analysis of all the statements published by CTI Logistics Limited namely the balance sheet, profit and loss account. Answer: Introduction A companys financial position as on a particular date and its income statement for the year ended states how a company has performed during the year in question and what is its financial position as on a particular date with regards its assets and liabilities position and shareholders funds. Various ratios when compared with the previous years figures makes it clear what changes has taken place and whether it is for the benefit of the company as a whole or not. The income statement shows how well the company has performed a compared to its last years profitability figures and how much earnings per share it has been abe to contribute to its stakeholders (CTI Logistics Limited, 2015). The cash flow statement states the changes that has taken lace in the cash and cash equivalents of a company through various kinds of activities such as cash flow from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. And lastly the equity position which clearly shows how much of shares have been added to the fund. CTI Logistics is a transportation company also providing logistics and business services, listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The company also has the largest A1 grade security monitoring system located in Western Australia and is the leader in the supply of commercial alarms, cctv cameras and various other security access control devices. Thus the said company has a varied number of areas to work (Damodaran). The current years performance as compared with its performance in the year 2014 has been disappointing. Profits per se it saw an almost 50 percent downfall in its profits as compared to last year. A detailed analysis of the financial position, income statement and cash flows is as stated below (CTI Logistics Private Limited, 2016). Statement of Financial Position as at 30th June 2015 The financial position of an entity is determined by the balance sheet. It clearly discloses the position of the assets and the liabilities of an entity as on a particular date. It reflects the summary of all the account balances such as that of inventories, debtors, creditors, short term borrowed funds and so on at the end of a reporting period. It is basically the tool to show the equity position of an organization which is a difference between the assets and the liabilities shown (Bajkowski, 1999). On analysing the financial position of the company as at 30th June 2015 the following are the requisite data that has been derived: Current asset: $ 35,277,387 Non Current Asset: $ 125,128,143 Current Liabilities: $ 31,641,093 Non-Current Liabilities: $ 66,604,785 Stockholders Equity: $ 62,159,652 The Current asset position has bettered as compared to last year. The liquidity position is better in the current year as it is clear from the statements that the position of cash and cash receivables has improved 1.71 times as compared to the previous year. The company has less inventory to carry which is also a positive sign as it lead to less stock obsolescence and it clearly shows that not much money is stuck in the stock (NACVA, 2012). Companys non current position has been positive enough with additions in land and buildings, plant and equipments and motor vehicles with some minor disposals which is very insignificant. The significant addition in the plant and machinery ha been due to the acquisition of a subsidiary company by CTI Logistics. The company has also declared a land and building for sale The sudden increase in the value of the intangible assets is due to the acquisition of a subsidiary company which led to addition to its goodwill value. However CTI Logistics has taken huge amount of bank loans this year which has an interest bearing expense on the income statement .Its loan position has almost doubled as compared to its previous years figures(Nissim, Penman, 2003). Ratio Analysis of Various Items of the Balance Sheet Type of Ratio 2015 2014 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio 1.08 1.54 Cash Ratio 0.19 0.13 Solvency Ratios Debt to asset ratio 0.61 0.47 Debt to capital ratio 0.52 0.39 Debt to equity ratio 1.58 0.91 Interest Coverage Ratio -12.2 times -6.1 times Capital Gearing Ratio 0.58 0.45 On analysing the above mentioned ratios the financial position of the company is clear. The company is in a safe liquidity position presently. An ideal current ratio is that of 1, and the company has reported that of 1.08. This is a clear indication to the fact that the company has enough assets in its kitty so as to pay off its liabilities on demand. CTIs current ratio is not to high also so as to hurt the companys bottom line (Kothari, 2004). Cash ratio is generally not used for the analysis of the companys health however some investors may even calculate this ratio on a conservative approach even thought eh same is not very reliable. The cash ratio has improved from 13% to 19% which may be a carrot in the stick to attract the conservative investors to invest in CTI Logistics Limited (Gill, Chatton, 2001). Companys ability to meet its long term liabilities is measured via the solvency ratios. It provides the investors with an overview of the fact that whether the company has abilities to pay its interest and other fixed expenses on a consistent basis without facing much problems. The most basic ratio is that of debt to asset ratio which shows how much of asset the company owns via its debt funds (Elliot, Elliot, 2011). The same has increased by a good 15 percent from last year to the present year in discussion. This makes it clear that the company has acquired some new assets from which it has used its debt funds. Thus the companys financial leverage has increased though still at a decent level to attract the investors to invest in the company (Jun, 2013). Capital dilution is very important aspect. More issue of equity shares dilutes the ownership of a company, thus lowering the earnings per share component. Thus a higher debt capital ratio clearly states the percentage of total capital of a company via debt funds. CTI Logistics Limiteds debt to capital ratio has increased from a 39 percent to 52 percent however the increase is not too significant to hurt the financial position of the company or lead to much dilution of ownership. However the dividend amount is hurt a bit due to an increase in the interest expense component. But the same ratio makes it attractive enough for the present investors to continue with their investment in the company as well as welcome new entrants as investors (Liston, 2014). However even though the above two mentioned ratios show a positive sign for the investors yet the companys debt equity ratio of 1.58 currently reveals a very sad position of the company that creditors have claims on all the assets of th e company and even after the same their total claim will not be met. This forces the potential investors to take a back step while putting in their money and also a driving factor for present investors to withdraw. The same was better last year. Thus the entity should try to minimize usage of its debt funds and if required issue more shares in the market to improve its debt equity position. Last years position was still good enough at 0.90 versus this years position. Also its interest coverage ratio is in red which portrays a very sorry picture for the lenders. This ratio is calculated to show how well the company can meet its interest expense, which has deteriorated further in the current year . This is the biggest yardstick to hold back the investors from chipping in their money (Lan, 2012). Income statement for the year ended 30th June 2015 The important data derived from the income statement which would enable to provide how well the company has performed as compared to its last year are as under: Particulars 2015 (in $) 2014 (in $) Total Operating revenues 10905518 15918662 Cost of Goods Sold 1052571 855463 Total Profit 8647989 14090456 Non-Operating gain or loss 9909 4486 Earnings per common share 9.25 15.50 On looking at the income statement the same does not seem to be too lucrative. The operating income has fallen down by a good 30 percent dipping the profits and the EPS also by 40 percent. The fall in the EPS has been mainly due to a fall in the profits as there has not been any significant issue of new shares. Apart from this certain ratio analysis will give a better picture to decide upon the performance of the company (McClure, 2014). Type of Ratio 2015 2014 Profitability Ratio Gross Profit Margin 20 13.52 Operating Profit Margin 1.84 1.62 Net Profit Margin 1.46 1.43 Return on Assets 0.037 0.089 Return on Equity 0.095 0.18 Te above mentioned ratios of the two years ending 30th June 2015 and 30th June 2014 clearly shows the dip in the profits of the company. Although the gross profit margin has increased by a good 50 percent but the over all operating profit has dipped and so has the return on assets and equity. In the current year the company has not been able to utilize its asset base to its full so as to get adequate returns a compared to last years ROA figures. Also the amount of income that the shareholders expect from the company has also shown a downfall of around 45 percent which is eye catching and alarming as well. Though even in such a situation the company has declared dividends to keep the investors interest growing (Grimsley, 2003). Cash flows for the year ended 30th june 2015 On studying the cash flow position of CTI Logistics Limited the following data is extracted: Particulars 2015 2014 Net Cash flow from Operating Activities 13087868 11614905 Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities (33085249) (13757380) Net Cash Flow from financing Activities 23846753 (47047) Cash flow per share 0.20 0.18 It has to be well understood that a cash flow statement does not show the profitability of a company. It simply shows how the cash and its equivalent has been utilized by the company in various activities such as operating, financing and investing. Therefore presentation of this statement helps the users to find some answers to its questions like has the company been able to generate enough cash from its operating activities to meet its daily expenses and make timely payments to its creditors , does the company generate cash for expanding its business in the future and lastly can it pay dividends to its investors (Das, 2010). Cash from operations shows how much liquid cash the company has been able to generate from its day to day operations Cash from investing activities shows what kind of investments the company has made which would enable to generate revenues in future. For example a decision to buy any fixed asset such as an equipment or plant and machinery is an investing activit y as the investment in such areas will generate benefits for the entity in future. Thus a negative cash from investing activity is preferable. Lastly cash from financing activity shows how much cash the entity has generated by borrowing more funds or through the issue of shares as well as the amount of outflow incurred in paying off debts, buybacks or distribution of dividend (www.wiley.com, 2013). CTI Logistics has reported an increase in the operating cash flow of 13 percent which is a positive sign. It clearly shows that the day to day activities of the company has enabled generation of adequate liquid cash balance for the company The cash flow per share shows how much the company can fund using its internal money than depending upon the external debt funds. Thus the cash flow per share shows an increase though minimal but this is a positive sign. It has acquired a new business towards end of the financial year which is a positive sign too as the revenues from the said investment is expected to be seen in the current year which may help to boost the performance of CTI Logistics (Quinn, 2010). As compared to last years investing activity the current year has seen a robust investment policy in place. A total increment of 1.4 times has been published and the results of such investments are likely to be felt in the upcoming years. The current year has shown a huge amount of borr owings which has put an interest expense pressure on the entitys financials which is not a good sign. Last year there was more of debt servicing hence reducing the expense on the interest portion (Shelton, 2012). Stockholders equity section The shareholders equity fund of CTI Logistics shows a positive trend. Compared to last years equity balance the current years position shows an increase in the equity by 6 percent thus the company has not diluted much of its ownership this year as compared to its last year. There has been a dip in the retained profits amount because of a dip in their distributable profits. The company even though published profits lower by 40 percent as compared to the previous years performance still it distributed adequate dividends to its investors. This practice forced it to borrow more funds and increase the debt as well as interest burden for the company (Robinson et.al. 2009). Thus although the investors are happy with the dividends but looking at a long term scenario this can be negative for the organization. They should have retained and ploughed back the profits which would have enabled CTI Logistics to utilize more of own funds than borrowed. The number of outstanding shares for the year e nded 2015 has been 65830691 and that for the year 2014 has been 63746681, thus only a 0.03 percent increment which is instrumental to the fact that the company has prevented much of dilution of ownership in the current year. It basically connotes the net of asset and liabilities of a balance sheet that belong to the stockholders of an organization. CTIs stock position in the current year has not been lucrative enough to attract new investors or to make the current investors happy. Distribution of dividend is taken as an optimistic approach through a lay mans eyes otherwise in such a situation where the company has reported less profits , it should not have distributed the same as dividends and saved that amount for further investment in the company and thus saved on the finance costs (Fridson, Alvarez, 2011). Conclusion However on a detailed analysis of all the statements published by CTI Logistics Limited namely the balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and the stock holders equity statement it is very clearly visible that the companys shares are still very lucrative. The acquisition of Logico Operations Group Limited and its wholly owned subsidiary G.M. Kane Sons Pty Ltd in June 2015 will surely yield good profits for CTI in the present year. The increase in the financing activity of the concern has put tremendous pressure on its interest coverage ratio as is visible above yet the same may be fruitful in the year 2016. The solvency ratios above portray a very dismal picture of the company but on studying the kind of acquisitions CTI Logistics Limited has made makes it a good investment option. The solvency ratio does not depict the company moving towards insolvency , it just shows that the present scenario is risky. It doesnt seem that the organization would have any liquidi ty crunches in the near future as per the result of the cash from operating activities and its current ratio position. Seeing its past performances it can also be relied upon the fact that the investments made in the current year would be in income generating assets which would justify the increase in the financing activities. Thus on reviewing the present performance and its past records, the stock has become risky but at the same time investors can think about pitching in their money for CTI Logistics seeing its current scenario. References Accounting Information: Chapter 13, The Cash Flow Statement and Decision, pp. 492-535. CTI Logistics Private Limited, 2016, viewed 28th April 2016.. CTI Logistics Limited, 2015, Annual Report 2015, viewed on 23rs May 2016.. Liston, H., 2014, How to read and analyse an Income Statement, viewed on 23rd May 2016. Quinn, M., 2010, How to Understand an Income Statement, viewed on 23rd May 2016.