January Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

January Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays Many famous inventors, scientists, authors, and artists were born in January, and many patents, trademarks, and copyrights for inventions, products, films, and books were issued during this month throughout history. If you were born during the beginning of the year, in the first month of the Gregorian calendar, be sure to check out which famous figures share your January birthday or what inventions made their public debut on this day in history. Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights From the trademarking of Willy Wonka Candy to the release of Michael Jacksons Thriller song, many inventions and creations were patented, trademarked, and copyrighted in January throughout history. Find out which household items and famous inventions got their official start throughout the month. January 1 1982 -  Vladimir Zworykin, the Russian engineer who invented the cathode-ray tube, died. January 2 1975 - The U.S. Patent Office was renamed U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to incorporate its new function as a trademarking office. January 3 1967 - The patent for an apparatus for solar cooling and heating a house was given to Harry Thomason. January 4 1972 - Willy Wonkas trademark was registered. January 5 1965 - Home of the Whopper was trademark registered by Burger King. January 6 1925 - Agronomist George Washington Carver was granted patent Number 1,522,176 for cosmetics. January 7 1913 - Patent Number 1,049,667 was granted to William Burton for the manufacture of gasoline. January 8 1783 - Connecticut became the first state to pass a copyright statute, entitled Act for the Encouragement of Literature and Genius, which \was enacted with the help of Dr. Noah Webster. January 9 1906 -  Campbells soup was trademark registered. January 10 1893 - Thomas Laine patented the electric gas lighter. January 11 1955 - Lloyd Conover patented the antibiotic tetracycline. January 12 1895 - The Printing and Binding Act of 1895 prohibited the copyrighting of any Government publication. January 13 1930 -  Mickey Mouse cartoon first appeared in newspapers throughout the U.S. January 14 1890 - George Cooke received a patent for a gas burner. January 15 1861 - E.G. Otis was issued Patent Number 31,128 for improvement in hoisting apparatus (safety elevator). January 16 1984 - Jim Hensons copyright claim on Kermit, the Muppet was renewed. January 17 1882 - Leroy Firman received a patent for the telephone switchboard. January 18 1957 - Lerner and Lowes musical motion picture My Fair Lady was registered. January 19 1915 - Doublemint  Gum was trademark registered. January 20 1857 - William Kelly patented the blast furnace for manufacturing steel.1929 - The first outdoor feature-length talking motion picture was made, a film called In Old Arizona. January 21 1939 - Arlen and Harburgs song Over the Rainbow was copyrighted.1954 - The first atomic submarine was launched, the USS Nautilus, which was christened by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. January 22 1895 - Lifebuoy soap was trademark registered.1931 - VARA (a Dutch company) began experimental television broadcasts from Diamantbeurs, Amsterdam. January 23 1849 - A patent was granted for an envelope-making machine.1943 - Casablanca the movie was copyrighted. January 24 1871 -  Charles Goodyear, Jr. patented the Goodyear Welt, a machine for sewing boots and shoes.1935 - The first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale, was sold by the Kruger Brewing Company of Richmond, VA. January 25 1870 - Gustavus Dows patented a modern form of the soda fountain.1881 - Michael Brassill obtained a patent for a candlestick. January 26 1875 - The first electric dental drill was patented by George Green.1909 - Milk-Bone Brand was trademark registered. January 27 1880 - Patent Number 223,898 was granted to Thomas A. Edison  for an electric lamp for giving light by incandescence. January 28 1807 - Londons Pall Mall became the first street lit by gaslight.1873 - Patent Number 135,245 was obtained by French chemist Louis Pasteur for a process of brewing beer and ale. January 29 1895 -  Charles Steinmetz patented a system of distribution by alternating current (A/C power).1924 - Carl Taylor of Cleveland patented a machine that made ice cream cones. January 30 1487 - Bell chimes were invented.1883 - James Ritty and John Birch received a patent for the cash register. January 31 1851 - Gail Borden announced his invention of evaporated milk.1893 -  Coca-Cola  trademark for nutrient or tonic beverages registered.1983 -  Michael Jacksons Thriller ​was copyrighted. January Birthdays From Scottish scientist James G. Frazer to the inventor of the computer mouse Douglas Engelbart, many great scientists and creators were born in the month of January. Find out who shares your January birthday and how their lives accomplishments changed the world. January 1 1854 - James G. Frazer was a  Scottish scientist. January 2 1822 - Rudolph J. E. Clausius was a  German physicist who researched thermodynamics.1920 - Isaac Asimov  was a scientist who wrote I, Robot and the Foundation Trilogy. January 3 1928 - Frank Ross Anderson was the International Chess Master of 1954. January 4 1643 -  Isaac Newton  was a noted physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who invented a telescope and developed many theories.1797 - Wilhelm Beer was a  German astronomer who made the first Moon map.1809 -  Louis Braille  invented a reading system for the blind.1813 - Isaac Pitman was a British scientist who invented the stenographic shorthand.1872 - Edmund Rumpler was an Austrian auto and airplane builder.1940 - Brian Josephson was a  British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973. January 5 1855 -  King Camp Gillette  invented the safety razor.1859 - DeWitt B. Brace invented the spectrophotometer.1874 - Joseph Erlanger invented shock therapy and won the Nobel Prize in 1944.1900 - Dennis Gabor was a physicist who invented  holography. January 6 1745 -  Jacques and James Montgolfier  were twins who pioneered hot air ballooning. January 7 1539 - Sebastian de Covarrubias Horozco was a famed  Spanish lexicographer. January 8 1891 - Walter Bothe was a German subatomic particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1954.1923 - Joseph Weizenbaum was an artificial  intelligence pioneer.1942 - Stephen Hawking  is an English physicist first who revealed Black Holes and Baby Universes. January 9 1870 - Joseph B. Strauss was the civil engineer who built the  Golden Gate Bridge.1890 - Karel Capek was a  Czech  writer who wrote the play R U R and invented the name robot. January 10 1864 -  George Washington Carver  was a famed African-American agricultural chemist who is credited with inventing peanut butter.  1877 - Frederick Gardner Cottrell invented the  electrostatic  precipitator.1938 - Donald Knuth was an  American computer scientist who wrote The Art of Computer Programming. January 11 1895 - Laurens Hammond was an American who invented the Hammond organ.1906 - Albert Hofmann  was a  Swiss scientist who was the first to synthesize LSD. January 12 1899 - Paul H. Muller was a Swiss chemist who invented DDT and won  the Nobel Prize  in 1948.1903 - Igor V. Kurtshatov was the Russian nuclear physicist who built the first Russian nuclear bomb.1907 - Sergei Korolev was the lead spaceship designer for Russia during the Space Race.1935 - Amazing Kreskin was a noted mentalist and magician.1950 - Marilyn R. Smith was a noted microbiologist. January 13 1864 -   Wilhelm K. W. Wien was a  German  physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1911.1927 - Sydney Brenner was a South African biologist and the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner for his contributions to our understanding of the genetic code. January 14 1907 - Derek  Richter was a British chemist who wrote Aspects of Learning and Memory. January 15 1908 -  Edward Teller  co-invented the H-bomb and worked on the Manhattan Project.1963 - Bruce Schneier is an American  cryptographer who wrote many books on computer security and cryptography. January 16 1853 - Andre Michelin was the French industrialist who invented Michelin tires.1870 - Wilhelm Normann was a  German chemist who researched the hardening of oils.1932 - Dian Fossey was a noted zoologist who wrote Gorillas in the Mist. January 17 1857 - Eugene Augustin Lauste invented the first sound-on-film recording.1928 - Vidal Sassoon was an  English hair stylist who founded Vidal Sasson.1949 - Anita Borg is an  American computer scientist who  founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. January 18 1813 -  Joseph Glidden  invented useable barbed wire.1854 - Thomas Watson assisted in the invention of the  telephone.1856 - Daniel Hale Williams  was the surgeon who performed the first open-heart operation.1933 - Ray Dolby invented the Dolby noise limiting system. January 19 1736 - James Watt  was a Scottish engineer who invented  a steam engine.1813 -  Henry Bessemer  invented the Bessemer engine. January 20 1916 - Walter Bartley was a famed biochemist. January 21 1743 -  John Fitch  invented a steamboat.1815 - Horace Wells was a dentist who pioneered the use of medical  anesthesia.1908 - Bengt Stromgren was a  Swedish astrophysicist who studied gas clouds.1912 - Konrad Bloch was the German biochemist who researched cholesterol and won the Nobel Prize in 1964.1921 - Barney Clark was the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart. January 22 1909 - Lev D. Landau was the Russian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1962.1925 - Leslie Silver was a noted English paint manufacturer. January 23 1929 - John Polanyi was the Canadian chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1986. January 24 1880 - Elisabeth Achelis invented the World Calendar.1888 - Ernst Heinrich Heinkel was the  German inventor who built the first  rocket-powered  aircraft.1928 - Desmond Morris was an  English zoologist who researched  body language.1947 - Michio Kaku  is an American scientist who wrote Physics of the Impossible, Physics of the Future, and The Future of the Mind and hosted a number of science-based television programs. January 25 1627 - Robert Boyle is the Irish physicist who wrote Boyles Law of Ideal Gases.1900 - Theodosius Dobzhansky was a noted  geneticist  and the author of Mankind Evolving. January 26 1907 - Hans Selye was an  Austrian endocrinologist who demonstrated the existence of biological stress.1911 - Polykarp Kusch was an American nuclear physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1955. January 27 1834 - Dmitri Mendeleev was the chemist who invented the periodic table of the elements.1903 - John Eccles was a British physiologist and neurologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. January 28 1706 - John Baskerville was the English printer who invented typeface.1855 -  William Seward Burroughs  invented  the adding machine.1884 - Lucien H dAzambuja was a  French astronomer discovered the chromosome of the sun1903 - Dame Kathleen Lonsdale was a noted crystallographer and the first woman member of the Royal Society.1922 - Robert W. Holley was an  American biochemist who researched RNA and won the Nobel Prize in 1968. January 29 1810 - Ernst E. Kummer was a  German mathematician who  trained German army officers in ballistics.1850 - Lawrence Hargrave invented the box kite.1901 - Allen B. DuMont invented an improved  cathode ray tube.1926 - Abdus Salam was a noted theoretical physicist. January 30 1899 - Max Theiler was the  English microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1951.1911 - Alexander George Ogston was a  biochemist  who  specialized in the thermodynamics of biological systems.1925 -  Douglas Engelbart  invented the computer mouse.1949 - Peter Agre is a noted American scientist and the director of the John Hopkins  Malaria Research Institute. January 31 1868 - Theodore William Richards was a chemist who researched atomic weights and won the Nobel Prize in 1914.1929 - Rudolf Mossbauer was the Germany physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1961.

Coastal Defence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coastal Defence - Essay Example The process of land claim means that it is necessary to exclude the sea from part or all of this intertidal area, and also protect this area from reinundation. Land claim for agriculture and industry generally takes in the higher salt marsh because the higher elevation of the intertidal area claimed means, first, that the wave activity will be reduced by the lower marshes and mudflats fronting the area to be reclaimed. (Yates 235-249) In cases where there are not sufficient areas of such deposits fronting the proposed claim, then the area is perhaps not well suited. Second, less material is needed to build up the newly created dry land. Third, the higher the elevation, the lower the sea walls need to be to prevent tidal overtopping. Finally, agriculture needs good-quality farmland, and the upper marshes provide the most 'mature' sediments available in respect of the processes of soil formation. (Archer 103-120; Knecht 183-199) There are few areas of coastline in the 'developed' world which have not been subject to some form of land claim, defence works, or development. (Louisse 10-15; Fischer 437-447) It has been the tendency for coastal populations to utilise their immediate environment to the full, obtaining as much land as possible in order to increase their agricultural or industrial potential, and to defend low-lying land to increase their security from flooding by the sea. As far as port development in estuaries is concerned, one of the key requirements is that the port itself should be afforded as much shelter as possible. Traditionally, this meant that estuaries were the most suitable sites and, because of the small size of the earliest vessels, many of the early ports were built some way upstream from the estuary mouth. As ship size has increased, so these earlier ports have become uneconomic, and thus many have been relocated downstream, towards the estuary mouth. (Guy 219-248) This has meant that the majority of the world's major estuaries have some form of port development located within them. In addition, even these areas may not be suitable for the larger vessels of today, and thus many estuaries have been artificially deepened by dredging to allow for the increased draught of modern ships. This process leads to an artificial intertidal profile in which natural processes are in constant competition with the alien environment in which they find themselves. (Beatley 1-22) As a result, especially over the past few centuries, many estuaries have experienced considerable modification to their natural ecosystems, which have brought about changes in floral patterns and bird populations. From a process point of view, the dredging and land claiming which have occurred in estuaries have also produced changes in circulation patterns, tidal regime, and sediment deposition patterns, causing further knock-on effects for natural habitats and wildlife populations. (Barston 93-116) The need for coastal defences Because of the need to protect the newly claimed land from reinundation by the sea, it is also a requirement of land claim to install some form of flood defence. (Doody 275-283) This defence is largely to keep the sea out, rather than an anti-erosion structure, and so tends to be more a flood defence measure than a

Applying for a master degree Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applying for a master degree - Personal Statement Example My ambition developed rapidly leading me to streamline my studies towards Business and Management, particularly human resource studies. Thus, I believe further studies for a masters degree in the University will enhance my competitiveness and set me apart in my professionalism. I have experienced challenges and had opportunities during studies. However, I put extra determination to maintain and improve my scores with the aim of obtaining a chance to further my education. The efforts yield fruits with an average rating of 2.1 in core subjects. Apart from academics, I exhibit potential skills in leadership and excellent interpersonal attributes. In addition, I understand the program and curriculum details and sure that it matches with my research areas. I also acknowledge the competitiveness of the program. Nonetheless, I express pleasure that my professional aptitude and decent University record offer me a reliable certification for admission. Hence, I will appreciate your approval for admission. Finally, I give my assurance that I will optimize my chance to advance my talents. Likewise, I will be a noble ambassador and endeavor to transform people’s lives through appropriate management approaches. Kindly consider my

Air pollution control residues

Air pollution control residues INTRODUCTION Description of Overall Problem Air Pollution Control (APC) residues are the solid output of the flue gas treatment equipment installed on incinerators (this report refers specifically to APC Residues from incinerators handling Municipal Solid Waste MSW). They comprise the fly ash from incineration (middle and fine grades) together with the reagents (mainly lime and activated carbon) used in the flue gas treatment. Thus, they contain: Volatile contaminants from the original waste (inc chlorides, metals), Compounds created in the incineration process (inc dioxins), Further materials from the flue-gas treatment process (sulphates, together with high alkalinity). Therefore they are classified as hazardous waste. Approximately 170,000t/y (Technology Strategy Board 2009) of such residues are produced in the UK 3-4% of the total waste mass incinerated (Environment Agency, 2002). This tonnage is growing as more waste is incinerated to generate electricity and heat, and to reduce landfill. While increased energy recovery and reduced landfill are worthwhile in themselves, achieving them has created the problem of the hazardous APC residues. In the UK the prevalent destination for these residues has been landfill, but this option is under threat from tightening landfill Waste Acceptance Criteria, and rising landfill taxes, so new solutions are required. There are various treatment/recovery options available for APC residues. However these raise other concerns, primarily: Financial and energy cost of treatment Generation of further effluent Environmental impact of the treated waste Quality control of the recovered materials. Objectives and Scope The overall goal is to identify cost-effective management options for APC residues, within Waste Acceptance Criteria. The ultimate objectives of implementing such options are shown in Requirements (Appendix 1). For this study, the specific the objectives are: Briefly analyse the shortcomings of the existing methods of treatment and disposal of APC residue in landfills, along with the barriers in the UK for re-use of APC residues in various industries, such as cement aggregate, asphalt and ceramics. Propose energy- and cost-effective methods for the treatment of APC residue which reduce the leachability and amount of heavy metal/dioxins present. Also suggest a supplier of technology for each treatment method proposed. Compare the cost per tonne for each option, including treatment and disposal costs (including current and future landfill taxes), based on the hazardous classification of any remaining waste. Suggest potential re-use opportunities for materials recovered from the treatment process, indicating potential markets and revenues. The scope is focused on APC residues from municipal waste incineration. It is assumed that current incineration technology and operating conditions apply, with waste of current composition, resulting in residues of current composition. The objectives have been pursued in the context of current UK and EU regulation. This is explained in terms of the waste management hierarchy in table 1. Notes of Figure 1: Further processing leading to recovery may be in or outside the system boundary depending on whether the process is likely to be dedicated to this application. In either case the resulting wastestreams are inside the system boundary Landfill operations are outside the system boundary, but the long term leaching behaviour of all landfill waste will be considered, even if it meets WAC. Report structure This report has been structured to give an overall review of the management options for the Air Pollution Control residue, intended to provide a details of the findings related with work aiming to give recommendations on its treatment. Chapter 1. Background and scope. Chapter 2. Introduction to the residues, overview of major management strategies, legislative aspects, and environmental issues Chapter 3. Details on the residue treatment techniques, operation principles, and development status Chapter 4. Appraisal on the recovery and utilization techniques, operation principles, and development status. Chapter 5. Overview of status for available solutions, documentation level, assessment approach for environmental impacts, outline of important aspects for consideration, qualitative and quantitative comparison of each treatment processes. Chapter 6. Recommendations System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) is listed in Appendix 2. This is an outline of system requirements and mechanisms for verifying whether the requirements are met. It will provide an overview to integrate different technical elements of the project. The plan will also describe the activities, processes and tools used to ensure an achievement of the project outcomes to the client and other stakeholders. Press Release is placed in Appendix 3 and this would form a basis of a publicity campaign for the project. MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR APC RESIDUE APC residues generation and characteristics APC residues come from the cleaning process of the gaseous emissions, which are produced during the incineration. Dry and semi-dry scrubber systems are used in the cleaning process and involve the injection of an alkaline material to remove acid gases, particulates and flue gas condensation (Sabbas et al. 2003). Finally, fabric filters in baghouses are used, where the fine particulates, i.e. the APC residues are focalized and removed from the gaseous emissions (Sabbas et al. 2003). It is estimated that APC residues represent 2-5% of the original waste on a wet basis and their production in the UK is approximately 128,000 tonnes per annum (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). In general, APC residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) consist of fly ash, carbon and lime and contain dioxins and furans (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). They are highly alkaline materials (pH 12.0-12.6) and they comprise significant concentration of heavy metals, salts and micro-pollutants (Sabbas et al. 2003 ). Depending on the initial waste composition, the incinerator and the air pollution control system, their composition may vary significantly (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). The typical range of APC residues composition is shown in table 2. The APC residues are characterized as hazardous wastes (190107*, according to the EWC) due to their chemical content and their impact on the environment, primarily by leaching. Regulatory Framework Introduction Regulations and legislation on waste management in the UK have evolved considerably over the years as a result of identification of new pollutants, public health and environmental concerns, economics and technological advancement (Pocklington, 1997 and McDougall et al, 2001). This assertion suggests that legislation and regulations play a major role in ensuring sustainable waste management. In addition, the establishment of legislation on waste management shows the radically changing perception of humans and communities towards the environmental impact of human activities (Pocklington, 1997). Today, regulations and legislation provide a framework for efficient handling of hazardous wastes such as APC residue. Amutha Rani et al (2008) observed that sustainable management of APC residues depend on the implementation of UK and EU waste management legislation. The Existing regulatory and legislative framework for managing APC residues in the UK About 80% of the environmental legislation in the UK have their origins in the European Commission laws (Pocklington, 1997). The existing legislative and regulatory framework for APC waste management in the UK and EU include: Waste Incineration Directive Integrated Pollution Control Directive Landfill Directive and ensuing waste acceptance criteria/procedure EA guidance on the classification of hazardous waste Water Framework Directive However, the discussion on the regulatory and legislative framework for this project focuses mainly on the UK Landfill directive and EA guidance on classification of hazardous wastes. These subjects are pertinent within the boundary of this project more so as Landfill disposal is common in the UK. Also IPPC directive is discussed briefly to highlight the roles public participation and deployment of best available techniques in meeting our objectives. The key objectives of these legislation and regulation are to: Reduce the amount of APC residue generated and improving the quality of exhaust gas (McDougall et al, 2001) Reduce the amount of APC going to Landfill (EA Guidance on landfill, 2006) Prevent environmental impact (ESA 2004) Reduce the risk of human harm (US National Research Council 2000, ESA 2004) This diagram illustrates the relationships between the established regulatory framework and stages in the APC management process. There is no specific legislation covering recovery or reclassification of APC residue in the UK (ESA 2004). Quina et al (2008) also points out that legislation for recycling APC has not yet been established in the UK. The Integrated Pollution Control Directive: Directive 2008/1/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control This Directive aims at establishing means to prevent or reduce emissions into air, water and land (IPPC, 2008). Hence this directive is crucial as it suggests various methods of incineration and treatment that could reduce the impact of APC residues on the environment during incineration, treatment or landfill. The IPPC Directive is based on four principles namely: Best Available Technique (BAT) Integrated waste management Flexibility Public participation The BAT refers to the most effective methods of operation that would reduce environmental impact and enhance results such as making residues from incineration less hazardous. In the BAT, optimizing resources and harnessing or saving energy are prioritized (Gargulas N. and Mentzis A, 2007). Also, the BAT is flexible and no terms are imposed since it recognizes that different conditions apply in different cases. The Best Available Techniques Reference (BREF) is a reference document on technical input needed to determine the BAT to be adopted. This BREF contains technical information on available means of treating APC residues such as sintering, vitrification, stabilization and solidification. This project has considered the BATs to APC treatment and these methods are discussed in chapter 3. However, there are no BATs available for landfills. Notwithstanding, Landfill operators and APC treatment plants require permits issued by the Environment Agency with public support to ensure that t here are no health or environmental impacts as a result of their activities (Macleod C. et al 2006 and IPPC 2008). The role of the public is crucial in this directive. Article 15 of the Directive, gives the public full privileges to participate in decision making processes leading to the issuance of permits for installation of plants, and for carrying out technical and administrative changes. This aspect is very important especially in the proper project planning and execution (see SEMP). Therefore the installations of APC treatment facilities and the method involved are tailored to meet public requirements as well as legislative requirements. All hazards inherent in operating APC treatment facilities shall be made known to the public in accordance to this directive. Also the outcome of compliance tests on treatment facilities with regard to environmental impact shall be made public (IPPC 2008). Thus, it can be argued that since the public are key stakeholders in this project, good public perception is needed in accordance with the IPPC directive to ensure sustainable management of APC residues. Environment Agency guidance on classification of hazardous waste The essence of this guidance is to distinguish different kinds of wastes based on their physical and chemical properties which include their toxicity or hazardous nature. The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD), council directive 91/689/EC and the Revised European Waste Catalogue (EWC) form the regulatory framework for this guidance. The HWD aims at defining hazardous wastes to ensure the correct management and regulation of such waste (EA Hazardous Waste 2008, pg 5). This directive identifies 14 hazardous properties of wastes, thus hazardous wastes are classified H1 H14 according to their hazardous properties (EA, Hazardous waste 2008). The EWC code is derived from the industry and process producing the waste, and the type of waste (EA hazardous waste 2008). APC residues are categorized as hazardous wastes with absolute entry (Rani et al 2008 and ESA 2004). Under the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), APC residues fall under the category of wastes from incinerators (waste management facilities) that have a generic code 19. The specific code for solid wastes generated from gas treatment such as APC residues is 19 01 07. Wastes resulting from the treatment of the APC residues such as the partially stabilized APC residue, the vitrified material etc are also categorized as hazardous with absolute entry (EA hazardous waste 2008). However, when tests confirm that the constituents of treated waste have become less or non hazardous, they can be reclassified as hazardous wastes with mirror entry or non-hazardous as the case may be(EA Hazardous waste 2008). Solidified and partly stabilized wastes are coded 19 03 06 and 19 06 04 respectively with absolute entries, while vitrified wastes from flue gas treatment are assigned the code 19 04 02. The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste The primary objectives of the landfill directive are: To reduce waste going to landfill the prevent or minimize environmental impact as a result of waste disposal Stringent measures and standards have been set to reduce the burden and reliance on landfill (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). Landfills are classified into three categories: non-hazardous, inert and hazardous landfills (Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations, 2002) For APC residues, a key requirement in the Directive prior to landfill is to perform tests to determine its long term and short term leaching behaviour and to carry out treatment to reduce its toxicity (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). This project suggests that the need for treatment of APC residues augments the case for exploring potentials for recovery or reclassification of the residues. Article 6 c (iii) of the Directive reflects our aim to make APC residues at least stable non-reactive hazardous wastes (SNRHW) or completely non-hazardous through efficient treatment techniques such as vitrification, washing, stabilization and plasma technology. SNRHW are known to have low leaching potentials (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). Treated APC residues with leaching behaviour equivalent to those of non-hazardous waste can be disposed at designated non-hazardous landfill subject to meeting the relevant waste acceptance criteria (EA guidance on landfill, 2006 and Landfill (England and Wales) Regulation, 2002). APC residues must meet the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for a designated landfill after treatment. Schedule 1 of the Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulation 2004, stipulates the procedure and criteria for disposing or accepting waste at landfills. Waste Acceptance Criteria and Procedure The WAC is elaborately designed to deal with the technical requirement of wastes such as APC residues designated for landfills in the UK (England and Wales). It also aims at controlling the disposal of wastes into landfill which is a common practice in the UK. Technically, the WAC ensures that the numerical leaching characteristics of APC residue are determined prior to disposal at landfill (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). Thus, after their mandatory treatment, APC residues must meet the relevant waste acceptance criteria before they are accepted into landfill. The leaching characteristics include: the elements and compounds in APC residue and their leaching properties (in mg/kg or L/S) and the hazardous nature of the APC residue (EA Guidance on Landfill, 2006). The Environment agency is responsible towards ensuring that the criteria for particular landfills are met. Preceding the WAC is the Waste acceptance procedure. The Waste acceptance procedure for APC requires basic characterization, compliance testing and on-site verification (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). The basic characterization is done to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). Incineration plants are responsible for carrying out the basic characterization of the APC residues since they produce the APC while the landfill operator ensures that compliance testing and on-site verification are done (EA Guidance 2006). Approved tests are defined in schedule1 part 2 of the landfill regulation 2004 and they include tests for determining treated APC composition and leaching behaviour. The compliance tests are carried out to verify if leaching limit levels predicted in the basic characterization are credible. Besides exploring opportunities for reuse of APC residues and recovery of valuable materials from the residues, this project also aims to treat APC residues to meet at least the waste acceptance criteria for SNRHW to enable disposal at a non-hazardous landfill. Amendment 14 of the Landfill (England and Wales) regulation 2004 states the criteria for disposing SNRHW in the non-hazardous landfill. Discussions There is no specific legislation on the reuse of wastes such as the APC residues in the UK. Notwithstanding, the UK without incineration network (www.ukwin.org.uk) tagged the use of fly ash and APC residues for construction works as irresponsible. Thus it can be suggested that re-use is implied in this clause as well. However, if it is well proven that APC residues can be managed sustainably without any long or short term environmental repercussions, it will pave way for debates to strengthen the existing regulatory frame and also re-focus the views of environmental activists toward the prospects in the residues. ESA report (2004) argues the provision of regulatory certainty by the government is necessary in enhancing investment towards sustainable management of APC residues. The report also suggests that investments will focus on reliable APC treatment technologies. There are several scientific developments for managing APC residues pioneered by waste management companies such as Techtronic in the UK. Environmental problems and management strategies Most of the APC residues (around 88%) (Environmental Agency, 2002) produced in the UK, are disposed of into landfills. During their disposal or any kind of utilization or handling, a number of environmental impacts can be caused. Dust and Gas emissions Dust emissions are represented as a potential risk, due to the size of the APC residues particles (0.001-1 mm) (Sabbas et al., 2003). Despite the easily dispersion of these fine particles, a survey by the Environmental Agency at a number of landfill sites in the UK testifies that their concentrations are within the recommended air quality objectives (Environmental Agency, 2002). Gas production is another potential environmental impact related to the disposal of APC residues. Gas is produced by metallic aluminum hydration (Sabbas et al., 2003) and because of that, some explosions have been reported (Sabbas et al., 2003). However, the production of gas is significantly lower compared to the production of the municipal solid waste landfills, due to their low biodegradable content of the APC residues. Leaching production The major environmental impact is the leaching production of APC residues The leaching behaviour of the elements present in APC residues is the main source of environmental concern. Leachates can cause pollution of soil, groundwater and surface water bodies. The leaching behavior of the APC residues is very complex and depends on a lot of parameters. The pH and the liquid to solid (L/S) ratio of the residues that will occur in the landfill site are important factors which affect determine their leaching behaviorbehaviour as well as the availability of the elements which are contained in the APC residues. The pH depends on the characteristics of the leaching fluid and the waste, i.e. APC residues, and is the key factor of many elements leachability. Leaching of most major elements (e.g. Al, Ca, S, Mg) and heavy metals (e.g. Cd, Pb, Zn) are strongly pH-dependent (Astrup et al., 2006). This dependency of the pH causes a significant difficulty on the prediction of the leaching behaviorbehaviour. Generally, APC residues carry on their pH in alkaline values for a long time (many thousands of years) (Astrup et al., 2006). However, their pH decreases as the time passes and the APC residues are washed by the infiltrating water (the neutralize capacity decreases) (Astrup et al., 2006). Thus, the prediction of the landfills pH and thereby the leaching behaviorbehaviour of the residues in over a long term period is complex. The L/S ratio represents the amount of the leachate that comes in contact with a given amount of APC residues (Sabbas et al. 2003 pp what page?) and depends on the characteristics of the APC residues and the climatic conditions, the hydrology and the hydrogeology of the area (Sabbas et al. 2003). Usually, as the time of disposal passes the value of the L/S ratio becomes higher for a particular application site. Due to this contact the properties of the waste as well as the leaching behaviorbehaviour of the waste change. Thus, the value of this ratio is a very important parameter for the leachate content. The availability for leaching is a parameter, which characterizes the particular waste and represents a fraction of the total content of contaminants in the waste itself (Sabbas et al. 2003). The typical values of the availability for the APC residues are shown in table 2 and they can provide a theoretical estimation of the maximum release of a contaminant in a period of 1000 to 10000 years (Sabbas et al. 2003). The prediction of the leaching behaviour and the evaluation of the environmental impact of APC residues are based on leaching tests. Leaching values for the APC residues arising from leaching test are summarized in table 4. The first leachate from APC residues is usually characterized from soluble salts (e.g. chlorides, hydroxides of calcium, sodium and potassium) and trace element such as Pb and Mo (Sabbas et al., 2003). Contrary to the high solubility of this elements, the solubility of toxic organic compounds is believed to be not high due to their hydrophobic nature and their low concentration in APC residues (from properly operated MSWI plants) (Sabbas et al., 2003). Long term leachate concentrations are usually lower than the initial or they may remain atto the same level. The only exceptions are the elements Al and Zn, which concentrations in the leachate are increase d inover a long term period (Astrup et al., 2006). As it is explained above the leaching behaviour of the APC residues depends on the environmental conditions and changes during the time of the disposal. Thus, an analytical prediction of the long term leaching behaviour is very difficult and it should be based on a combination of information on leaching principles, leaching tests, field measurements, simulation of mineral changes and speciation (Sabbas et al., 2003 page number pls). Due to the complexity of the long term leaching behaviour, the data available in literature are limited. Management of APC residues In the UK the disposal of any waste to landfill is regulated (see regulations section). Generally, the landfills are classified as suitable for hazardous, non-hazardous or inter wastes and, for each of these types of landfill, particular leaching limit values (Waste acceptance criteria, WAC) are defined and should be achieved for any waste are to be landfilled. Table 5 shows the leaching limit values (WAC) for the three types of landfill sites and if they are compared with the values in table 4, it becomes obvious that APC residues cannot be landfilled without a prior treatment. And non-hazardous waste deposited in the same cell. Either TOC or LOI must be used for hazardous wastes. UK PAH limit values are under development. Following the recent consultation exercise the UK Govt may review the limit values in tow years time (2006). If an inert waste does not meet the SO4 at L/S 10 limit, alternative limit values of 1500 mg/l SO4 at C2 (initial eluate from the percolation test) prEN 14,405 and 6000 mg/kg SO4 at L/S10 (either from percolation test or bach test BS EN 12457-3), can be used to demonstrate compliance with the acceptance criteria for inert wastes. The values for TDS can be used instead of the values for Cl and SO4. Or DOC at pH 7.5-8.0 and L/S 10 can be determined on pr EN 14429 (pH dependent test) eluates. Disposal to landfill (Amutha Rani et al., 2008) APC residues are mixed with wastewater to form a solidified product. During this treatment the residues react with the CO2 from the atmosphere reducing the pH to values between 8 and 9. This mixing also eliminates the dispersion of the APC residues particles. After this treatment, the APC residues reach the WAC and they are landfilled into monofill cells at a hazardous waste landfill. This process is used by a treatment plant in GloucesstershireGloucestershire, from which most of the APC residues treated by this method in the UK are coming. Storage in salt mines In this disposal method the APC residues are loaded in sealed capsules and pitted 170m below the surface (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). The disposal in salt mines can take place for a long term. They are characterized as well isolated, very dry, with stable atmosphere and natural gas-impermeable salt layers (Clement, 2000). Salt mine for this purpose is located in Cheshire, England, where a major percentage of the APC residues, produced in the UK, are stored (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). Use in waste acid treatment (Amutha Rani et al., 2008) Due to the mixing of waste acid (usually HCl) and APC residues, the lime content of the APC residues is convertedsed into less hazardous components (CaCl2) and the concentrations of Zn and Pb are reduced. Furthermore, the pH is at high levels, preventing the salts release. Thus, the final mixture from this process is non-hazardous and it is described as sludge from a physico/chemical treatment; it is classified as EWC code 190206 and can be disposed of in non-hazardous landfills. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES Ash Washing Process Description: The objective of Ash washing process is to extract a number of minerals from the APC residue obtained after Municipal Solid Waste incineration and thereby diminish the leachability of various compounds remaining in the residue. The process also aims to improve the quality of the residue obtained for further re-use applications or to reduce the overall content of waste going to the landfill. According to Quina et al (2001), ash washing, acid leaching, electro-chemical process and thermal treatment are some of the most widely used methods for extracting metal values from the APC residues. The separation techniques studied in this section are ash washing with MgSO4, bioleaching using Asphergillus niger fungi and leaching using extracting agents. Each process has different prerequisites, operation time and cost, objectives and risks associated with them. Ash Washing With MgSO4: Chimenos et al (2005) The process aims to apply the optimum parameters for washing APC residue by utilising minimum energy and water. This process uses multi-stage washing process to diminish the leaching of chloride and sulphate salts present in APC residue and thereby ensuring that the amount of harmful substance present in wastewater is reduced. The wastewater produced is recycled and re-used in the process using employing a rapid spray evaporation technique which runs on the waste heat produced from pumps, turbines and incineration furnace. Figure 3a showsrepresent the overall process diagram of operation. The research conducted by Zhang et al (2008) shows that the leachability of the heavy metals and chlorides present in APC residue depends on its pH level. The pH of the solution, when MgSO4 is added during the washing process, may be controlled by the formation of gypsum as shown in Eq(1). Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2..(1) Bioleaching Q.Wang et al (2009) This process is considered to be a biohydrometallurgical approach to extract heavy metals from APC residue. It is considered to be a green technology because of it makes use of the natural ability of microorganisms to break down solid compounds into soluble and extractable form by enzymatic oxidation or reduction. The process uses the acids secreted by Aspergillus niger fungi such as oxalic acid, citric acid and gluconic acids to extract the heavy metals present. Water-washing was is used as a pre-treatment before the bioleaching process to reduce the bio-leaching period from 30 to 20 days and to extract the maximum amount of chloride and sulphate salts. Figure 4 shows an overall process diagram for the bioleaching process. Bioleaching is a low cost and low energy consumption approach. Leaching Using Extracting Agents Fedje et al (2010) This process uses leaching agents other than water for extracting heavy metals like Zn and Pb. The efficiency of the extraction agent depends on heavy metals of interest, the concentration of the extracting solution, the pH and the liquid/Solid ratio used. The goal of the process is obtain a solution in which the concentrations are high enough to enable further separation or recovery. The leaching media used for this process are 3M HNO3 L/S = 5 0.1 M EDTA with pH adjustment L/S = 5 3M NH4NO3 L/S = 5 The choice of these leaching media was based on their ability to form a complex with metal ions. Table 6 compares the efficiency of the aforementioned leaching agent in extracting the heavy metals from APC residue. Figure 5 represents the overall process diagram. The most widespread leaching method used for APC residues is acidic leaching using strong mineral acids such as HCl and H2SO4. However, due to the high alkalinity of APC residues, large amounts of acids are needed which results in trouble with storage and handling. Moreover, the reaction of APC resid

The Violence Runner

Throughout the history, there have been leaders of good and evil, moral and immoral, peaceful and violent alike. Sometimes, when the evil takes power and misuses it, the staggering impact they entail in the society can be appalling and outrageous. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, Assef is exemplary of an evil leader who misuses his power and stands in the frontlines of crippling Afghanistan and its people into a pitch-black mist of chaos. First of all, Hosseini places Assef under the perfect setting in which the author bestows Assef the opportunity to develop his power as an antagonist in the novel. In the nineteenth century, Hazaras fails to rise against the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, and subsequently, discrimination against the Hazaras becomes prevalent in the society. In this type of environment, Assef naturally gains superiority over the Hazaras as a Pashtun and forms discriminative views and ethnic hatred towards them. It is even understandable for Assef to claim Adolf Hitler, the infamous dictator who relentlessly exterminated millions of Jews and other ethnic groups, to be a great leader, â€Å"a man with vision. (Hosseini, page 40) This is because to Assef, Hitler is his role model; Assef believes that Hazaras should be exterminated from the face of the earth, as he is determined to ask Daoud Khan, the newly president, â€Å"to rid Afghanistan of all the dirty, Kaseef Hazaras. † (Hosseini, page 40) This way, Assef naturally develops his relentlessness and sadism that he fully makes usage out of. His violent mindset against the Hazaras leads him to later join the Taliban, in which he gains the position to freely kill Hazaras without punishment, and relentlessly ties up Afghanistan in a bundle of Taliban laws. As we can see, Assef uses his superiority over the Hazaras that he gains from the society that he lives in, and manipulates it fully to dominate over the ethnic group. To control and frighten them he would often times use violence as his tool. Assef rules the streets of Wazir Akbar Khan section of Kabul with his notorious savagery and relentless violence. In the streets of the Wazir Akbar Khan, Assef’s â€Å"word is law†, and if the law is broken, then his stainless-steel brass knuckles are used accordingly as a punishment. Hosseini, pag3 38) Here, Hosseini uses stainless-steel brass knuckles as a significant motif throughout the novel, and also a symbol of violence and dominating power. Whenever we see Assef performing violence on somebody, we can observe emergence of his brass knuckles. When Hassan defends Amir against Assef with his slingshot, Assef tells Hassan and Amir, â€Å"this doesn’t end today, believe me. † (Hosseini, page 42) This suggests that Assef is a relentless, merciless and vengeful figure, foreshadowing his later revenge against Hassan and Amir. The brass knuckles appear again towards the end of the novel, when Assef beats Amir miserably with his brass knuckles â€Å"flashing in the afternoon light,† and thus fulfilling his warning and revenge that he had in his childhood. (Hosseini, page 288) These brass knuckles clearly represent physical domination on those who do not have such power; these multiple scenes of the recurring emergence of the brass knuckles suggest that violence is his power, his way to rule. Despite Assef’s unbearable deeds of violence, he holds one power that not everyone has: the power to change one’s life completely. Rape is a significant motif that is used throughout the novel by Assef. The reason why this motif is so crucial is that through rape, Assef destroys one’s integrity, emotional stability and dignity, and fully dominates them both physically and emotionally. Two significant cases would be Hassan’s rape and the other, Sohrab’s rape. By raping Hassan, Assef destroys two individuals: Hassan, who faces emotional trauma and breakdown afterwards, and Amir. Assef raping Hassan is the source of Amir feeling guilty and in remorse of not standing up for Hassan, and eventually leads him to make Hassan leave his family and ends up feeling guilty in his entire life, until he finds Sohrab alive and to redeem himself, plunges himself in the Taliban world to save Sohrab. Clearly, Assef held the key to change both lives. On the other hand, Sohrab’s life is changed dramatically through rape. As a result, Sohrab loses speech ability and feels extremely guilty, as he claims himself to be â€Å"so dirty and full of sin. † (Hosseini, page 319). These two â€Å"lambs†, Hassan and Sohrab, are sacrificed as a result of Assef’s misuse of power. Assef is clearly a violent man who holds the power in The Kite Runner. Assef makes full use of the power that he naturally gains in the society that he lives in, fully develops it and holds the key to change the society dramatically. He is the violence runner, to whom violence is always the solution to problems.

Appearance Versus Reality Of September s Identity

About my art: This art illustrates the theme of appearance versus reality of April’s identity. I drew more realistic image of her inner emotion which is hidden behind her image she portrays to others. For example, she hides to her peers about her Native identity as she is ashamed of her heritage. Further, she lies to her sister, Cheryl about their parents as she wants to only leave her sister with happy memories of them. It shows that although she tries to keep it together, inside she is suffering as she, herself, is too young to go through this hardship of her foster mom, bullying at school, and looking out for her sister. Her sewed up lip illustrates how her words are not believed by others although the rumour is not true and how she cannot speak up about her mistreatment and abuse by her foster mom to others. This also restrict her from revealing her true emotion as she has no one to let out her feelings and problems she is facing. 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The Effects Of Cyberbullying On Children And Teens

Somini Sengupta of New York Times states that cyberbullying is the use of computers, cell phones, social-networking sites as well as any other technology to threaten or humiliate another human being. It is a growing issue around the entire world that is causing many children and teens to experience depression, low self-esteem, and in some extreme cases suicide. Since cyberbullying is becoming more of an issue, some schools around the world have been enforcing rules to stop cyberbullying. 88% teens who use social media have seen someone be disrespectful to another individual. â€Å"It is no secret that teens are now spending more time than ever on social networking sites and due to this increase many are using it to bully their peers†. According to Sherri Gordon who wrote the article â€Å"Reasons Why Kids Cyberbully Others† here are some reasons why. Some reasons that children cyberbully are they are motivated by revenge. Some kids who have unfortunately been victims of any form of bullying want to get revenge so that others can feel the pain that they have or had been going through. Children who think like that are referred to â€Å"bully-victims†. By them cyberbullying others, they feel better about themselves in a way that they are no longer in pain but causing the pain. Most of the time these kids will go after their bully who harmed them, other times they will target someone who is more vulnerable than them. They deserve it, three words that can harm a child indefinitely.Show MoreRelatedCyberbullying Prevention And The Prevention1031 Words   |  5 Pagesprevention and responding to Cyberbullying is a way to stay away from all the dangers. Parents, schools and anyone can help stop children from cyberbullying and help them if they are getting cyberbullied. Anyone can help the prevention of cyber bullying, help others respond to it, and warn people about how dangerous it can become. 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